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False negatives in single vessel/circumflex territory ischaemia (increased sensitivity with cycle ergometry).

Assessment of exercise capacity, cardiac structure/function.

Lowest sensitivity of all stress tests: risk of false negative test.

First line test in absence of contraindications.

Cardiac stress test cost, performance, advantages and disadvantages 1,3,5,6 There are advantages and limitations to each of the different testing modalities for the evaluation of myocardial ischaemia ( Table 1). chronotropic incompetence), as well as risk assessment in the postinfarct, preoperative or high risk patient populations. Other indications include work-up for potential cardiac causes of dyspnoea (noting dyspnoea can be a cardiac equivalent symptom of CAD), and evaluation of the effects of exercise on valvular dysfunction, pulmonary pressures or arrhythmia (eg.

The annual risk of cardiovascular mortality can be quantified from stress test results by measures such as the Duke treadmill score (low risk equating to 5% per year cardiovascular mortality). The main reason for cardiac stress testing is the risk stratification of known or possible CAD. When should cardiac stress testing be ordered? A detailed discussion of other tests for the noninvasive assessment of CAD, such as nuclear stress testing or computerised tomography (CT) coronary angiography, is beyond the scope of this article. 1,2Д¬ardiac stress testing includes stress electrocardiography (ECG) вЂ“ also known as exercise stress test (EST) вЂ“ and stress echocardiography. Cardiac stress testing is useful in the risk stratification of chest pain noting that 15вЂ“39% of angiograms performed are normal. Coronary angiography is the gold standard for identifying CAD, although it is invasive and not without risk of complication.

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Vista SP1 will ship at the same time as Windows Server 'Longhorn' and will be a major update that brings Vista's kernel up to date with the version in Windows Server 'Longhorn.Coronary artery disease (CAD) affects over 600 000 Australians and is implicated in approximately one in 5 deaths.

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Microsoft still plans to ship the Kernel Patch Protection APIs in Windows Vista Service Pack 1 (SP1), which is due in late 2007. This draft release of the APIs is aimed at mollifying those companies. (The other is Windows Security Center, which Microsoft modified so that these companies can replace it with their own security dashboards.) However, when Microsoft said it likely wouldn't be able to ship APIs for Kernel Patch Protection until late 2007, the security companies complained yet again. Kernel Patch Protection is also one of two Vista features that security firms complained about earlier this year. Kernel Patch Protection is one of several features in 64-bit Vista versions that make those systems more secure than the 32-bit variants. However, various security firms rely on patching the kernel for their 32-bit products, and they complained to Microsoft that they would need the same access on 64-bit Vista versions as well. Kernel Patch Protection, which is often misnamed as 'PatchGuard' by the press, is a feature of ењ†4 versions of Windows Vista that prevents application code-be it from Microsoft, security firms, or hackers-from modifying the Vista kernel at run-time.

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'They have been designed to help security and non-security ISVs develop software that extends the functionality of the Windows kernel on 64-bit systems, in a documented and supported manner, and without disabling or weakening the protection offered by Kernel Patch Protection.' 'We are delivering the first draft set of these new APIs for Windows Vista,' says Ben Fathi, corporate vice president of Microsoft's Security Technology Unit. These APIs, and the Kernel Patch Protection technology they access, are present only in the 64-bit versions of Vista, but companies such as McAfee and Symantec said they're necessary in order for their security solutions to work properly. Seeking to answer complaints from security software firms that claim Windows Vista is too restrictive, Microsoft this week shipped draft versions of APIs (application programming interfaces) that will allow these companies to interact with Vista's kernel.

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